STRESS, EMOTIONS, AND COPING: THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF PRIMARY CAREGIVERS WHO RAISE ADOLESCENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER
Asian Journal of Advances in Medical Science,
Page 19-32
Abstract
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to examine the relationship between primary caregivers and their adolescents who have bipolar disorder and the caregivers’ coping and adapting skills in handling their adolescents’ behaviors. The caregivers’ perceptions of their coping and adapting skills were interpreted and analyzed through transcribing, coding, and mapping processes by using Creswell’s six-coding step strategy [1]. The data were analyzed using Blumer’s [2] symbolic interaction, and constructs from R. Lazarus’s [3] stress and emotion theory, Selye’s [4] stress theory, and R. Lazarus and Folkman’s [5] transactional model of stress and coping provided the foundation of this phenomenological study to explore the stress and emotions of the primary caregivers of adolescents with bipolar disorder. Sixteen caregivers from North Carolina were selected by purposive sampling (snowball sampling) to share their stories during semi-structured interviews. The results of this qualitative analysis were examined using a phenomenological approach that took advantage of narrative inquiry and symbolic interaction that looked for emergent themes. Primary thematic results indicated that the primary caregivers of adolescents with bipolar disorder encountered stress, physical alignments, and emotional problems that often led to damaged marriages; strained or broken family relations; employment problems; and negative associations with neighbors, law enforcement, social services, and the school system. An unexpected finding was that the men in the study who were caring for adolescents with bipolar disorder were more likely than women in similar circumstances to prefer physical methods such as jogging and walking as ways to reduce their stress. No other studies found this specific finding. Results will be used to enhancethe current literature by providingempirical insights that support the need for further research into bipolar disorder among adolescents.
Keywords:
- Bipolar disorder
- adolescents
- caregivers
- stress
- coping
- emotions
How to Cite
CUTHRELL, K. M. (2022). STRESS, EMOTIONS, AND COPING: THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF PRIMARY CAREGIVERS WHO RAISE ADOLESCENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER. Asian Journal of Advances in Medical Science, 4(4), 19-32. Retrieved from https://www.mbimph.com/index.php/AJOAIMS/article/view/3114
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Stephens M, Townsend A, Martire L, Druley J. Balancing parent care with other roles: Interrole conflict of adult daughter caregivers. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences. 2001;56B(1):24-34.
Faedda G, Austin N. Parenting a bipolar child: What to do and why. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger; 2006.
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Crome I, Chambers P, Frisher M, Bloor R. The relationship between dual diagnosis: Substance misuse and dealing with mental health. London, England: Goldings House Cummings, C, & Fristad, M. 2008, Pediatric bipolar disorder: Recognition in primary care. Current Opinions in Pediatrics. 2009;20, 560-565.
Pavuluri M, Graczyk P, Henry D, Carbray J, Heidenreich J, Miklowitz D. Child and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: Development and preliminary results. Journal of American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;43(5):528-537.
Piterman L, Jones K, Castle D. Bipolar disorder in general practice: Challenges and opportunities. Medical Journal of Australia. 2010;19(3):14-17.
Gentil V. Bipolar disorder and concurrent psychiatric and medical conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2009;70(8):29-36.
Apps J, Winkler J, Jandrisevits M. Bipolar disorders: Symptoms and treatment in children and adolescents. Pediatric Nursing. 2008;34(1):84-88.
Davidson J. A phenomenology of fear: Merleau-Ponty and agoraphobic life-worlds. Sociology of Health & Illness. 2000;22:640-681.
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Rose L, Mallinson R, Gerson, L. Mastery, burden, and areas of concern among family caregivers of mentally ill persons. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2006;20(1): 41-51.
Bynum M, Brody G. Coping behaviors, parenting, and perceptions of children’s internalizing and externalizing problems in rural African American mothers. Family Relations. 2005;54(1):58-71.
Sullivan, A, & Miklowitz, D. Families functioning among adolescents with bipolar disorder. Journal of Family Psychology. 2010;24, 60-67.
Coe N, Van Houtven C. Caring for mom and neglecting yourself? The health effects of caring for an elderly parent (Occasional paper) Tilburg, The Netherlands: University of Tilburg; 2009.
Davanzo P, Yue K, Thomas A, Thomas, B, Mintz, J, Venkatraman, T, McCracken J. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of bipolar disorder versus intermittent explosive disorder in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;160:1442-1452.
Johnson J, Cohen P, Brooks J. Associations between bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders during adolescence and early adulthood: A community-based longitudinal investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;57(10):1679-1681.
Yin R. Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.), Los Angeles, CA: Sage; 2009.
Gay LR, Airasian P. Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall; 2003.
Greenstein T. Methods of family research. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2003.
Fowler F. Survey research methods. (3rd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2002.
Josselson R. The cal attitude in narrative research: Principles and practicalities. In J. Clandinnin (Ed.): The handbook of narrative inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2007;537-567.
Bless, C, & Higson-Smith, C. Fundamentals of social research methods, an African perspective (3rd ed.; Lansdowne, SA: Juta; 2000.
Arksey H, Knight, P. Interviewing for social scientists: An introductory resource with examples. London: Sage; 1999.
Dieker L, Merikangas K, Szatmari P. Psychopathology among offspring of parents with substance abuse and/or anxiety: A high-risk study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. 1999; 39:711-720.
Rapley T. The art (fulness) of open-ended interviewing. Qualitative Research. 2001; 1(3):303-323.
Mezulis A, Hyde J, Clark R. Father involvement moderates the effect of maternal depression in infancy on child behavior problems. Journal of Family Psychology. 2004;18:575-588.
Wakschlag L, Pickett K, Kasza K, Loeber R. Is prenatal smoking associated with a developmental pattern of conduct problems in young boys? Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent. 2006;45(4):461- 468.
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