SCHISTOSOMIASIS DETECTION AMONG SCHOOL AGED CHILDREN IN COMMUNITIES LIVING ALONG THE NYAMA RIVER SYSTEM IN ENUGU STATE NIGERIA
Asian Journal of Advances in Medical Science, Volume 4, Issue 4,
Page 96-102
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a public health concern particularly in rural areas where poverty and poor social amenities prevail. The disease infects mostly children of school age and pregnant women, more often those living close to water bodies harbouring the snail intermediate host of the causative agent of schistosomiasis. The Nyama River system transverses many communities in Enugu State and the prevalence of schistosomiasis in these communities is unknown. This study therefore aimed to determine the prevalence of schistosomiasis infection among school-aged children living along the Nyama River system. A cross- sectional study involving urine and stool microscopy was used to demonstrate eggs of parasites respectively. The result showed an overall prevalence of 21.7% for Schistosoma haematobuim and 17.6% for Schistosoma mansoni infections; more males were infected with Schistosoma haematobuim (27.9%) than females (15.1%). There was a statistically significant difference between infections among age groups (P < 0.05) with children between 9 – 11 years having more infection than the other age groups. There was also statistically significant difference in infection among schools with Akwuke Primary school having the highest rate of infection in comparison to the other schools. It is recommended that the government develop control strategies for afflicted school children. Also, large-scale testing and treatments should be carried out for the entire community, including all age groups, to determine the transmission cycle from adults to children.
Keywords:
- Host
- schistosomiasis
- transmission
- prevalence
- Nyama River
- Enugu
How to Cite
NJOM, V. S., & IREH, P. C. (2022). SCHISTOSOMIASIS DETECTION AMONG SCHOOL AGED CHILDREN IN COMMUNITIES LIVING ALONG THE NYAMA RIVER SYSTEM IN ENUGU STATE NIGERIA. Asian Journal of Advances in Medical Science, 4(4), 96-102. Retrieved from https://www.mbimph.com/index.php/AJOAIMS/article/view/3222
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Clements AC, Barnett AG, Nyandindi U, Lwambo NJ, Kihamia CM, Blair L. Age and gender effects in self‐reported urinary schistosomiasis in Tanzania. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008;13(5):713-721.
Brooker S, Kabatereine NB, Gyapong JO, Stothard JR, Utzinger J. Rapid mapping of schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases in the context of integrated control programmes in Africa. Parasitology. 2009; 136(13):1707-1718.
Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L. Human schistosomiasis. The Lancet. 2006; 368(9541):1106-1118.
Donohue RE, Mashoto KO, Mubyazi GM, Madon S, Malecela MN, Michael E. Biosocial determinants of persistent schistosomiasis among schoolchildren in Tanzania despite repeated treatment. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2017;2(4):61.
Matonge PM, Muturi M, Kamau LM. Persistence of Schistosoma haematobium and geohelminthes infection in residents of two villages in Msambweni District of Coast Province, Kenya. American Journal of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. 2013;4:41-46.
Blank WA, Reis EA, Thiong'o FW, Braghiroli JF, Santos JM, Melo PR, et al. Analysis of Schistosoma mansoni population structure using total fecal egg sampling. Journal of Parasitology. 2009;95(4):881-889.
Chidozie EU, Daniyan SY. Epidemiological survey of urinary schistosomiasis among children in selected schools: A preliminary study in Minna, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2008;7:2773-2776.
Proceedings of the 20th Zonal Research Extension Farmer Input Linkage System (REFILS) workshop, South East Agro-Ecological Zone, held on 21st-25th November 2006 Yenegoa, Bayelsa State.
Dawaki S, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Ithoi I, Ibrahim J, Abdulsalam AM, Ahmed A, Atroosh WM. The menace of schistosomiasis in Nigeria: knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding schistosomiasis among rural communities in Kano state. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0143667.
Nelwan ML. Schistosomiasis: life cycle, diagnosis, and control. Current Therapeutic Research. 2019;91, 5-9.
Ossai OP, Dankoli R, Nwodo C, Tukur D, Nsubuga P, Ogbuabor D, et al. Bacteriuria and urinary schistosomiasis in primary school children in rural communities in Enugu State, Nigeria, 2012. The Pan African Medical Journal. 2014;18(Suppl 1).
WHO. Schistosomiasis. Geneva: World Health Organization facts sheet 2018.
Available:http://www.who.int/newsroom/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis
[Accessed 20 May 2022].
Poinar GO. Halophilanema prolata n. gen, n. sp. (Nematoda: Allantonematidae), a parasite of the intertidal bug, Saldula laticollis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Saldidae) on the Oregon coast. Parasites and Vectors. 2012;5(1):1-10.
Hotez PJ, Dumonteil E, Woc-Colburn L, Serpa JA, Bezek S, Edwards MS, Bottazzi ME. PLoS Neglected Trop. In Dis. 2012;6:e1498.
WHO. Global Health Estimates 2015: Deaths by cause, Age, Sex, by country and by region, 20002015. Available:http://apps.who.int/healthinfo/globalburden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html
[Accessed 20 May 2022].
Engels D, Zhou XN. Neglected tropical diseases: an effective global response to local poverty-related disease priorities. Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 2020;9(1): 1-9.
Aribodor DN, Simon AB, Yoonuan T, Sam-Wobo TO, Aribodor OB, Ugwuanyi IK. Analysis of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths mixed pnfections among pupils in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for control. Infection, Disease and Health. 2019; 24(2):98-106.
Wami WM, Paediatric schistosomiasis: diagnosis, morbidity and treatment; 2015.
Available:https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/15674
[Accessed 25 July 2022].
Bashir SF, Usman U, Sani NM, Kawo AH. Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium among population aged 1- 25 years attending Rasheed Shekoni Specialist Hospital, Dutse, Jigawa State-Nigeria. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 2016;11(6):20-24.
Swai B, Poggensee G, Mtweve S, Krantz I. Female genital schistosomiasis as an evidence of a neglected cause for reproductive ill health: a retrospective histopathological study from Tanzania. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2006; 6(1):1-8.
Gray DJ, Ross AG, Li YS, McManus DP. Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis. BMJ. 2011;342.
Enugu State Agricultural Development Program (ENADEP) . Enugu State Agricultural Development program Extension services Report; 2006.
National Population Commission (NPC). National Population Census. Lagos: Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette; 2006.
World Health Assembly Elimination of schistosomiasis. Sixty Fifth World Health Assembly Agenda item 13. 11. 2012;WHA 65. 21.
WHO. Preventive chemotherapy in human Helminthiasis coordinated use of antihelminthic drugs in control interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers. World Health Organization Press, Geneva. 2006;63.
Richards JP, Yosten GL, Kolar GR, Jones CW, Stephenson AH, Ellsworth ML, et al. Low O2-induced ATP release from erythrocytes of humans with type 2 diabetes is restored by physiological ratios of C-peptide and insulin. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2014;307(7), 862-868.
Bishop HG. Menace of schistosomiasis: its true neglected nature in Nigeria. MOJ Public Health. 2017;6(5):421-426.
Dawaki S, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Ithoi I, Ibrahim J, Abdulsalam AM, Ahmed A, Surin J. Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis among Hausa communities in Kano State, Nigeria. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 2016;58.
Salawu OT, Odaibo AB. Schistosomiasis among pregnant women in rural communities in Nigeria. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2013;122(1):1-4.
Hailegebriel T, Nibret E, Munshea A. Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in snail intermediate hosts in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Tropical Medicine; 2020.
Udonsi JK. Human community ecology of urinary schistosomiasis in relation to snail vector bionomics in the Igwun River Basin of Nigeria. Tropical medicine and parasitology: official organ of Deutsche Tropenmedizinische Gesellschaft and of Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). 1990; 41(2):131-135.
Okafor FC, Ngang I. Freshwater snails of Niger-Cem, Nkalagu Eastern Nigeria: observations on some demographic aspects of the Schistosome-Transmitting Bulinids. Animal Research International. 2004;1(2):120-124.
Kihara J, Mwandawiro C, Waweru B, Gitonga CW, Brooker S. Preparing for national school‐based deworming in Kenya: the validation and large‐scale distribution of school questionnaires with urinary schistosomiasis. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2011;16(10):1326-1333.
Clennon JA, Mungai PL, Muchiri EM, King CH, Kitron U. Spatial and temporal variations in local transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in Msambweni, Kenya. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2006;75(6):1034-1041.
Ezeadila JO, Okoli I, Agomuo M, Aneke FC, Egbuche CM. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among community primary school pupils in Amagunze, Enugu State, Nigeria. World Rural Observations. 2015; 7(3):46-51.
Kamau L, Muhoho N. Infection Rates of schistosoma haematobium among primary school children in garsen constituency, Tana River County, Kenya and the Types of Snail Vectors. The International Journal of Science and Technoledge. 2020;8(5).
Clements AC, Barnett AG, Nyandindi U, Lwambo NJ, Kihamia CM, Blair L. Age and gender effects in self‐reported urinary schistosomiasis in Tanzania. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008;13(5):713-721.
Brooker S, Kabatereine NB, Gyapong JO, Stothard JR, Utzinger J. Rapid mapping of schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases in the context of integrated control programmes in Africa. Parasitology. 2009; 136(13):1707-1718.
Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L. Human schistosomiasis. The Lancet. 2006; 368(9541):1106-1118.
Donohue RE, Mashoto KO, Mubyazi GM, Madon S, Malecela MN, Michael E. Biosocial determinants of persistent schistosomiasis among schoolchildren in Tanzania despite repeated treatment. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2017;2(4):61.
Matonge PM, Muturi M, Kamau LM. Persistence of Schistosoma haematobium and geohelminthes infection in residents of two villages in Msambweni District of Coast Province, Kenya. American Journal of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. 2013;4:41-46.
Blank WA, Reis EA, Thiong'o FW, Braghiroli JF, Santos JM, Melo PR, et al. Analysis of Schistosoma mansoni population structure using total fecal egg sampling. Journal of Parasitology. 2009;95(4):881-889.
Chidozie EU, Daniyan SY. Epidemiological survey of urinary schistosomiasis among children in selected schools: A preliminary study in Minna, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2008;7:2773-2776.
Proceedings of the 20th Zonal Research Extension Farmer Input Linkage System (REFILS) workshop, South East Agro-Ecological Zone, held on 21st-25th November 2006 Yenegoa, Bayelsa State.
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