EFFECT OF SEASONS ON FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF WHITE CRESTED KALIJ PHEASANT (Lophura leucomelanos hemiltoni) IN EX- SITU CONDITION
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Published
Jan 4, 2021
Page:
12-17
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REKHA PALARIYA
Department of Zoology, D. S. B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263002, India.
H. C. S. BISHT
Department of Zoology, D. S. B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263002, India.
TEJASWINI A. PATIL
Conservator of Forest, Uttarakhand Forest Department, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263002, India.
Abstract
This observational study was carried out during 2017 – 2019 at G.B. Pant, High Altitude Zoo, Nainital, Uttarakhand at an elevation of 2100meters, to know the pattern of feeding and foraging behavior and impact of various seasons on all captive specimen of White crested Kalij Pheasant. This study also depicted the difference in foraging behavior among the male, female and newly hatched offsprings. It was also evaluated the foraging behavior shown by all individuals at the time of pre-breeding, breeding (courtship and mating) and post-breeding (including parental care). This study on foraging behavior of White crested Kalij Pheasant in Ex-SITU condition is very innovative and helpful to know the requirement of feed supplements and its survival rate. By knowing fundamental knowledge about the individual’s habit, habitat and impact of various environmental conditions, this research work helps to enhancement in survival rate and reintroduce the pheasant species in its natural surroundings or in In- SITU conservation condition.
Keywords:
Aggressive, breeding season, conservation, foraging behavior, habitation, supplements.
Article Details
How to Cite
PALARIYA, R., BISHT, H. C. S., & PATIL, T. A. (2021). EFFECT OF SEASONS ON FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF WHITE CRESTED KALIJ PHEASANT (Lophura leucomelanos hemiltoni) IN EX- SITU CONDITION. UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, 41(23), 12-17. Retrieved from https://www.mbimph.com/index.php/UPJOZ/article/view/1771
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Original Research Article
References
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Hill DA. The feeding ecolgy and survival of pheasant chicks on arable farmland. Journal of Applied Ecology. 1985;22:645-654.
Hill D, Robertson P. The Pheasants: ecology, management and conservation. BSP. Professional Books, Oxford, U.K. 1998;281.
Hoodlass AN, Draycott RAH, Ludiman MN, Robertson PA. Effects of supplementary feeding on territoriality, breeding success and survival of pheasants. J Appl Ecol. 1999;36:147-156.
Hussain MS. Conservation of pheasants of Kumaon Himalaya, India. Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany; 2012.
Adeola O, Ragland D, King D. Feeding and excreta techniques in metabolizable energy assays for ducks. Poult. Sci. 1997;76:728-732.
Adhikari BS, Joshi M, Rikhari HC, Rawat YS. Cluster Analysis (Dendrogram) of high altitude (2150- 2500m) forest vegetation around glacier in Kumaun Himalaya. Journal of Environmental Biology. 1992;13(2):101-105.
Ahmad A. Studies on the population status, distribution and some aspects of behavior of White crested Kalij (Lophura leucomelana) in the cantonment forest of the Ranikhet region, Almora, Ph.D. thesis, AMU, Aligarh, India; 1995.
Ahmed A, Musavi HM. Sex- ratio: A problem in the management of Kalij pheasant. Abstract; The International Symposium on Galliforms 1997, Melaka, Penninsular Malaysia. 1997;82.
Ali S, Ripley SD. Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan together with those of Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Ceylon. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, New York. 1969;2.
Animalcorner; 2012. Available:http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/wildlife/goldpheasant.html. Downloaded on 04 November, 2013.
Arnett EJ. Effects of forage leveling in feedlot finishing diets on Carcass characteristics, sensory attributes, and palatability of jersy beef. M.Sc. Thesis, Graduate School of the OHIO State University; 2010.
Balan SV, Holmes BA. Status and conservation of pheasants in the Greater and Lesser Sundas, Indonesia. (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed.). Pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;40-49.
Beebe W. Pheasants: their lives and homes, Henry Doubleday &Co, New York; 1931.
Bohl WH. The Kalij Pheasants. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Foreign Game Investigations Rept. 1971;18.
Breitenbach RP, Nagra CL, Meyer RK. Effect of limited food intake on cyclic annual changes in ring- necked pheasant hens. Journal of Wildlife Management. 1963;27:24-36.
Bump G, Bohl WH. Red Junglefowl and Kalij Pheasants. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Spec. Sci. Rept.- Wildlife. 1961;62.
Kaul R. Ecology of the cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichii) in Kumaon Himalaya. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of Kashmir, Shrinagar; 1989.
Kaul R, Ahmad A. Pheasant surveys in Arunachal Pradesh, India, in February – March 1991. (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed.) 1993. Pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;50-54.
Kaul R, Garson PJ. Present distribution and status of pheasants in India. Abstract; (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed.) 1993. Pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;157.
Khaling S. Satyr tragopan in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India. Tragopan: Newsletter of the WPA/SSC/Pheasant Specialist Group. 1997;6:13-14.
Lu X, Zheng GM. Reproductive ecology of Tibetan Eared Pheasant, Crossoptilon harmony, in scrub environment, with special reference to the effect of food. Lbis. 2003;145;657-666.
McGowan PJK, Kirwan GM. Kalij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D.A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, NY, USA; 2020.
Sathyakumar S, Prasad SN, Rawat GS, Johnsingh AJT. Ecology of Kalij and Monal in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctury, in Jenkins, D. (Ed.) Pheasants in Asia, WPA, Reaing, UK; 1993.
Chandola- Saklani A, Bisht M, Kar A, Shekhar C, Lakhera P. Wildlife in Garhwal Himalaya: Breeding and Behavioural Biology, in Pangtey, Y.P. and Joshi (Eds.), The Western Himalaya- Environment, People &Development; 1987.
Chaudhry AA. Distribution and status of Pheasant of Pakistan. (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed.) 1993. Pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;7-14.
Cu N, Eames JC. Distribution and status of pheasant in Vietnam. (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed.). Pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;20-27.
Dale FH. Sex ration in pheasant research and management. Journal of Wildlife management. 1952;16(2):156-163.
Draycott RAH, Hoodless AN, Ludiman MN, Robertson PA. Effects of spring feeding on body condition of captive- reared ring- necked pheasant in Great Britain. Journal of Wildlife Management. 1998;62:557-563.
Duke G. Using call counts to compare Western Tragopan populations in Pakistan’s Himalaya. In. Hill, D.A., Garson, P.J. and Jenkins, D. (Eds.). Pheasants in Asia 1989. World Pheasant Association, Readings, U.K. 1990;116-122.
Fowler J, Cohe L. Statistics for Ornithologist. BTO Guide No. 1986;22.
Garson PJ. The Cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichii) in Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalaya: An update. Journal of World Pheasant Association. 1983;8:29-39.
Gaston AJ, Garson PJ, Hunter MLJr. The status and conservation of forest wildlife in Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalayas. Biological Conservation. 1983a;27:291-314.
Sathyakumar S, Sivkumar K. (Eds.) Galliforms of India. ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas, Wildlife Institute of India. Dehradun, India. 2007;10(1):252.
Severinghaus SR. Observations on the ecology and behavior of the Koklass pheasant in Pakistan. Journal of the World pheasant Association. 1979;4:52-71.
Sharma. Ecological status of pheasants in Himachal Pradesh. Abstract; (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed.) 1993. Pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;158.
Shrestha TK. Impact of habitat fragmentation and deforestation on rare pheasants of Nepal. Abstract; (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed) pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;157.
Taber RD. Observation on the breeding behavior of the ring- necked pheasant, Condor. 1949;5:153-175.
Watson A, Moss R, Parr R. Effects of food enrichment on numbers and spacing behavior of red grouse. Journal of Animal Ecology. 1984;53:663-678.
Yatim SH. The status and distribution of Pheasants in Peninsular Malaysia. (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed.). Pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;28-39.
Zhang ZW, Ding CQ, Ding P, Zheng GM. The current status and conservation strategy for species of Galliforms in China. Biodivers Sci. 2003;11:414-421.
Hill DA. The feeding ecolgy and survival of pheasant chicks on arable farmland. Journal of Applied Ecology. 1985;22:645-654.
Hill D, Robertson P. The Pheasants: ecology, management and conservation. BSP. Professional Books, Oxford, U.K. 1998;281.
Hoodlass AN, Draycott RAH, Ludiman MN, Robertson PA. Effects of supplementary feeding on territoriality, breeding success and survival of pheasants. J Appl Ecol. 1999;36:147-156.
Hussain MS. Conservation of pheasants of Kumaon Himalaya, India. Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany; 2012.
Adeola O, Ragland D, King D. Feeding and excreta techniques in metabolizable energy assays for ducks. Poult. Sci. 1997;76:728-732.
Adhikari BS, Joshi M, Rikhari HC, Rawat YS. Cluster Analysis (Dendrogram) of high altitude (2150- 2500m) forest vegetation around glacier in Kumaun Himalaya. Journal of Environmental Biology. 1992;13(2):101-105.
Ahmad A. Studies on the population status, distribution and some aspects of behavior of White crested Kalij (Lophura leucomelana) in the cantonment forest of the Ranikhet region, Almora, Ph.D. thesis, AMU, Aligarh, India; 1995.
Ahmed A, Musavi HM. Sex- ratio: A problem in the management of Kalij pheasant. Abstract; The International Symposium on Galliforms 1997, Melaka, Penninsular Malaysia. 1997;82.
Ali S, Ripley SD. Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan together with those of Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Ceylon. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, New York. 1969;2.
Animalcorner; 2012. Available:http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/wildlife/goldpheasant.html. Downloaded on 04 November, 2013.
Arnett EJ. Effects of forage leveling in feedlot finishing diets on Carcass characteristics, sensory attributes, and palatability of jersy beef. M.Sc. Thesis, Graduate School of the OHIO State University; 2010.
Balan SV, Holmes BA. Status and conservation of pheasants in the Greater and Lesser Sundas, Indonesia. (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed.). Pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;40-49.
Beebe W. Pheasants: their lives and homes, Henry Doubleday &Co, New York; 1931.
Bohl WH. The Kalij Pheasants. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Foreign Game Investigations Rept. 1971;18.
Breitenbach RP, Nagra CL, Meyer RK. Effect of limited food intake on cyclic annual changes in ring- necked pheasant hens. Journal of Wildlife Management. 1963;27:24-36.
Bump G, Bohl WH. Red Junglefowl and Kalij Pheasants. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Spec. Sci. Rept.- Wildlife. 1961;62.
Kaul R. Ecology of the cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichii) in Kumaon Himalaya. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of Kashmir, Shrinagar; 1989.
Kaul R, Ahmad A. Pheasant surveys in Arunachal Pradesh, India, in February – March 1991. (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed.) 1993. Pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;50-54.
Kaul R, Garson PJ. Present distribution and status of pheasants in India. Abstract; (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed.) 1993. Pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;157.
Khaling S. Satyr tragopan in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India. Tragopan: Newsletter of the WPA/SSC/Pheasant Specialist Group. 1997;6:13-14.
Lu X, Zheng GM. Reproductive ecology of Tibetan Eared Pheasant, Crossoptilon harmony, in scrub environment, with special reference to the effect of food. Lbis. 2003;145;657-666.
McGowan PJK, Kirwan GM. Kalij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D.A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, NY, USA; 2020.
Sathyakumar S, Prasad SN, Rawat GS, Johnsingh AJT. Ecology of Kalij and Monal in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctury, in Jenkins, D. (Ed.) Pheasants in Asia, WPA, Reaing, UK; 1993.
Chandola- Saklani A, Bisht M, Kar A, Shekhar C, Lakhera P. Wildlife in Garhwal Himalaya: Breeding and Behavioural Biology, in Pangtey, Y.P. and Joshi (Eds.), The Western Himalaya- Environment, People &Development; 1987.
Chaudhry AA. Distribution and status of Pheasant of Pakistan. (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed.) 1993. Pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;7-14.
Cu N, Eames JC. Distribution and status of pheasant in Vietnam. (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed.). Pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;20-27.
Dale FH. Sex ration in pheasant research and management. Journal of Wildlife management. 1952;16(2):156-163.
Draycott RAH, Hoodless AN, Ludiman MN, Robertson PA. Effects of spring feeding on body condition of captive- reared ring- necked pheasant in Great Britain. Journal of Wildlife Management. 1998;62:557-563.
Duke G. Using call counts to compare Western Tragopan populations in Pakistan’s Himalaya. In. Hill, D.A., Garson, P.J. and Jenkins, D. (Eds.). Pheasants in Asia 1989. World Pheasant Association, Readings, U.K. 1990;116-122.
Fowler J, Cohe L. Statistics for Ornithologist. BTO Guide No. 1986;22.
Garson PJ. The Cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichii) in Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalaya: An update. Journal of World Pheasant Association. 1983;8:29-39.
Gaston AJ, Garson PJ, Hunter MLJr. The status and conservation of forest wildlife in Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalayas. Biological Conservation. 1983a;27:291-314.
Sathyakumar S, Sivkumar K. (Eds.) Galliforms of India. ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas, Wildlife Institute of India. Dehradun, India. 2007;10(1):252.
Severinghaus SR. Observations on the ecology and behavior of the Koklass pheasant in Pakistan. Journal of the World pheasant Association. 1979;4:52-71.
Sharma. Ecological status of pheasants in Himachal Pradesh. Abstract; (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed.) 1993. Pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;158.
Shrestha TK. Impact of habitat fragmentation and deforestation on rare pheasants of Nepal. Abstract; (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed) pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;157.
Taber RD. Observation on the breeding behavior of the ring- necked pheasant, Condor. 1949;5:153-175.
Watson A, Moss R, Parr R. Effects of food enrichment on numbers and spacing behavior of red grouse. Journal of Animal Ecology. 1984;53:663-678.
Yatim SH. The status and distribution of Pheasants in Peninsular Malaysia. (IN) Jenkins, D. (Ed.). Pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant Association Reading, U.K. 1993;28-39.
Zhang ZW, Ding CQ, Ding P, Zheng GM. The current status and conservation strategy for species of Galliforms in China. Biodivers Sci. 2003;11:414-421.