EFFECT OF SUB-LETHAL CONCENTRATION OF NICOTINE IN SURFACE WATERS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS IN Labeo rohita FINGERLINGS
V. RAVICHANDRAN *
Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram–608 002, Tamil Nadu, India and Department of Zoology, Kalaingar Karunnaandithi Government Art's College, Tiruvannamalai–622 001, Tamil Nadu, India.
C. ELANCHEZHIYAN
Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram–608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
N. SURESH
Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram–608 002, Tamil Nadu, India and Department of Zoology, Kolangchiyappar Government Art's College, Virudhachalam–606 001, Tamil Nadu, India.
G. CHANDIRASEGARAN
Department of Microbiology, PRIST University, Pondicherry-605 007, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The nicotine concentration is increasing in aquatic ecosystems daily. This is due to anthropogenic activities like consuming nicotine-based products like cigarettes. Nicotine gets leached out of these spent or used cigarettes and can enter the aquatic system. This directly induces adverse effects on aquatic animals. During the four days of acute toxicity analysis, all the Labeo rohita fingerlings died when exposed to surface waters concentration of nicotine (9.34 mg/L). Hence, the current study aimed to evaluate the impact of a sub-lethal concentration of 0.93 mgL-1 of nicotine, i.e., 1/10th of surface waters concentration of nicotine (9.34 mg/L), on growth performance and biochemical markers in Labeo rohita fingerlings. The fish were exposed to 0.93 mgL-1 of nicotine for 60 days. During the experiment, growth performance and biochemical markers were noticed at different intervals, i.e., 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th days. The growth performance, such as net weight gain, length gain, specific growth rate and condition factor, significantly declined. In contrast, the feed conversion and feed efficiency ratios were remarkably increased compared to control fish. Further, the protein, glycogen and lipid levels notably declined, and increased amino acid content in the liver and muscle of sub-lethal concentration nicotine-exposed fish was observed. The results displayed that 1/10th of the surface concentration of nicotine can potentially reduce the growth and alter biochemical markers in Labeo rohita fingerlings.
Keywords: Biochemical changes, growth performance, Labeo rohita, nicotine
How to Cite
Downloads
References
Alberti S, Maria S, Elena, Nicoleta Solomou, Maurizio F, Elefteria P. UV-254 degradation of nicotine in natural waters and leachates produced from cigarette butts and heat-not-burn tobacco products. Environmental Research. 2021;194:110695.
Liu J, Ma G, Chen T, Hou Y, Yang J. Nicotine-degrading microorganisms and their potential applications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2015;99: 3775-3785.
Tomlin CDS. The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th ed., version 3.2. The British Crop Protection Council, Hampshire; 2005.
Benowitz NL. Nicotine safety and toxicity. Oxford University, Press, New York. 1998;203.
Stuart M, Lapworth D, Crane E, Hart A. Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater. Sci Total Environ. 2012;416:1–21.
Ebele AJ, Oluseyi T, Drage DS, Harrad S, Abou-Elwafa A. Occurrence, seasonal variation and human exposure to pharmaceuticals and personal care products in surface water, groundwater and drinking water in Lagos State, Nigeria. Emerg. Contam. 2020;6:124-132.
Verovšek T, David Heath, Ester Heath. Occurrence, fate and determination of tobacco (nicotine) and alcohol (ethanol) residues in waste- and environmental waters. Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2022;34-e00164.
Taslima K, Md Al-Emran, Shadiqur Rahman M, Hasan J, Zannatul Ferdous, et al. Impacts of heavy metals on early development, growth and reproduction of fish – A review, Toxicology Reports. 2022;9:858-868.
Amal SM, Mohamed A El- Desoky, Adel A El-Lahamy, Nahed S Gad. Influence of environmental pollutants on water. Quality and Biochemical Parameters of Fish Tissue. Ad Oceanogr & Marine Biol. 2020;2(1):ID. 000527.
Wronikowska O, Michalak A, Skalicka-Woźniak K. Fishing for a deeper understanding of nicotine effects using zebrafish behavioural models, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2020;98:109826.
Dean R, Duperreault E, Newton D, et al. Opposing effects of acute and repeated nicotine exposure on boldness in zebrafish. Sci Rep. 2020;10:8570.
Sveier H, Raae A, Lied E. Growth and protein turnover in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.); the effect of dietary protein level and protein particle size. Aquaculture. 2000;185:101-120.
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ Farr AL, Randall RJ. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin’s-Phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 193;265–275.
Moore S, Stein WH. A modified ninhydrin reagent for the photometric determination of amino acid and related compounds. J. Biol. Chem. 1954;211: 907-913.
Seifter S, Dayton S, Novic B, Muntwyler E. The estimation of glycogen with anthrone reagent. Arch Biochem. 1950;25:191-200.
Frings CS, Dunn RT. A colorimetric method for determination of total serum lipids based on the sulfo-phospho-vanillin reaction. Am J Clin Pathol. 1970;53(1):89-91.
Mishra A, Chaturvedi P, Datta S, Sinukumar S, Joshi P, Garg A. Harmful effects of nicotine. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2015;36:24-31.
Naguib M, Mahmoud UM, Mekkawy IA, Sayed AE. Hepatotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles on Clarias gariepinus; biochemical, histopathological, and histochemical studies, Toxicol. Rep. 2020;7: 133–141.
Zebral YD, Anni ISA, Afonso SB, Abril SIM, Klein RD, Bianchini A. Effects of lifetime exposure to waterborne copper on the somatotropic axis of the viviparous fish Poecilia vivipara. Chemosphere. 2018;203: 410–417.
Dvergedal H, Odegård J, Overland M. Selection for feed efficiency in Atlantic salmon using individual indicator traits based on stable isotope profiling. Genet Sel Evol. 2019; 51:13.
Mengistu S, Mulder HA, Benzie, John AH, Komen J. A systematic review of management factors affecting growth, feed conversion ratio and survival in Nile tilapia. International Conference and Exposition EAS. 2017;753-754.
Mazumder SK, Das SK, Bakar Y, Ghaffar MA. Effects of temperature and diet on length-weight relationship and condition factor of the juvenile Malabar blood snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus Bloch & Schneider, 1801). J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2016;17(8):580-590.
Lavanya S, Ramesh M, Kavitha C, Malarvizhi A. Hematological, biochemical and ionoregulatory responses of Indian major carp Catla catla during chronic sublethal exposure to inorganic arsenic, Chemosphere. 2011;82: 977–985.
Banaee M, Nematdoust Haghi B, Zoheiri F. LC50 and bioaccumulation of lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) in Goldfish (Carassius auratus). International Journal of Aquatic Biology. 2013;1(5):233-239.
Bais UE, Lokhande MV. Effect of Cadium Chloride on the Biochemical content in different tissues of the freshwater fish, Ophicephalus striatus International Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 2012;1(7):55-57.
Begum G. Carbofuran insecticide induced biochemical alterations in liver and muscle tissues of the fish Clarias batrachus (linn) and recovery response. Aquat Toxicol. 2004;66:83–92.
Kermi-u T. Sunkam N. Ramanujam. Bidyadhar Das. Effect of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) on glycogen content and on the activities of selected enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Int Aquat Res. 2019;11:253–266.
Murray B, Rosenbloom C. Fundamentals of glycogen metabolism for coaches and athletes. Nutr Rev. 2018;76(4):243-259.
Palaniappan R, Muthulingam M. Impact of heavy metal, chromium on protein metabolism in brain and muscle of freshwater fish, channa striatus (BLOCH). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2016;5(7):638-647.
Shelke Abhay D, Wani GP. Comparative study of cholesterol alterations induced by certain heavy metals in a freshwater teleost fish, amblypharyngodon mola. I.J.A.B.R, VOL. 2014.;4(2):168-171.